TMAO activated the expression of the inflammatory mediator high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which stimulated multiple receptors such as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), thus mediating extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) and the NF-B signaling pathway (82)
GLP-1 in addiction medicine: GLP-1 acts on pancreas, gut, kidney, heart and thyroid receptors to activate reward/stress hubs (VTA, NAc, ARC, PFC, hypothalamus)
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JH The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration
In the hypothalamus, LC has been reported to decrease neuronal cell death and damage associated with aging [78] by its cholinomimetic activity [79]