But in general, turning a peptide (including GLP-1 or insulin) into an oral formulation means overcoming three major challenges: protecting the peptide from digestion in the stomach, improving absorption of the peptide via the gut, and slowing down the enzymatic breakdown and excretion of the peptide once it is in the blood
Pocai A, Carrington PE, Adams JR, Wright M, Eiermann G, Zhu L, et al
The carnitine system and its implication in cancer cells metabolic plasticity The use of diet-derived or adipose tissue-released long-chain fatty acids as energy substrates requires about 25 different enzymes and transport proteins, which carry out fatty acids, import, them into mitochondria, and facilitate the -oxidation steps
Reported observations include: Localized injection-site reactions such as redness, itching, or mild swelling