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A 2013 population-based cohort study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Arendt et al.) analyzed data on 757,185 individuals in Denmark

Vitamin B12 helps decrease homocysteine levels in the blood which lowers the risk of heart disease and stroke

[Anabolic steroid induced hypogonadism in men : overview and case report]

Thus, where genotype is known, there is a strong case for initiating serum vitamin B 12 monitoring from initiation of metformin treatment in people with the AA genotype but deferring this until 10 years of treatment in the rest of the population who have no other risk factors