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Key principles of conjugation: All six pathways require specific cofactors (nutrient deficiencies directly impair detoxification) Competition exists between pathways when a single substrate can be conjugated by more than one enzyme Conjugation does not always produce a less toxic product (some sulfation and acetylation reactions generate reactive metabolites) Conjugated products must still be transported out of the cell via Phase III transporters (MRP, P-gp, BCRP) for excretion R Bile is the primary excretion route for large, glucuronidated, and glutathione-conjugated metabolites Urine handles smaller, sulfated and acetylated conjugates The balance between Phase I activation and Phase II conjugation is critical
Alcohol swabs or prep pads to sanitize vial stoppers and work surfaces
1,2 It is coabsorbed with intrinsic factor, a product of the stomach's parietal cells, in the terminal ileum after being extracted by gastric acid 1,2 (Figure 1 3 )
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