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In this assay, the 30 min incubation duration was chosen to be optimal because of the inherently cytotoxic nature of CuCl 2 and Cu(OAc) 2 towards HaCaT keratinocytes, as they were observed to cause substantial cell death at a duration longer than 30 mins
Over time, the genome becomes increasingly dysregulated: DNA regions that should be silent become noisy, protective genes are switched off, and chromatin, the scaffold of DNA wrapped around histones (imagine them like packaging bundles), becomes condensed and brittle, losing its flexibility
The peptide is also detected in saliva and urine
Collectively, these findings position glutathione at the convergence of oxidative stress regulation, mitochondrial function, vascular integrity, and cardiometabolic balance
