This means it activates both the GLP-1 receptor and the GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptor, a hormone pathway that helps the body release insulin after eating, which may lead to greater effects on blood sugar and weight loss compared to single GLP-1 agonists
One of the biggest questions surrounding GLP-1 research in osteoarthritis is whether the observed improvements simply reflect reduced body weight
p-GSK-3 (phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta): Involved in glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation, and survival
Alongside glycemic control, it is indicated to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease, and to reduce the risk of sustained eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease, and cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease