It recruited 502,713 people (intended to be aged 4069 years, mean age 56.5 years, 45.6% men) from 2006 to 2010 in England, Scotland, and Wales, 94% of self-reported European ancestry
The elements that belong on it are HPLC purity with ultraviolet detection at a wavelength appropriate to the quinolinium chromophore, identity confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and by mass spectrometry, an explicit statement of the salt form and counterion, residual solvent content from the synthesis, and water content
Safety-wise, intramuscular B12 is generally well tolerated
Mechanism involves NO system modulation (homeostatic regulationupregulating when deficient, moderating when excessive), VEGF/VEGFR2 upregulation for angiogenesis, FAK-paxillin pathway activation for cell migration (40% increase per Chang et al.), and EGR-1 transcription factor upregulation for growth factor sensitivity