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Moreover, although selective PDE1B and PDE10A inhibitors have demonstrated preclinical efficacy in ameliorating both positive and negative symptom-like behaviors, clinical translation has encountered challenges, including inadequate CNS penetration, dose-limiting toxicities, and variable target engagement
Central to this is the role of probiotics in balancing gut bacteria, which in turn affects digestion, immunity, and nutrient absorption
Without standardized workflows, even studies using the same analytical platform may report divergent findings, limiting the reliability of cross-study comparisons and the identification of consistent biomarkers (Pinu et al