The concentrations of Sp and L-DOPA were kept similar for all experiments unless otherwise mentioned
One layering note worth knowing: copper peptides dont love sharing a step with strong acids (your AHAs and BHAs) or high-dose vitamin C

Pharmaceutical Specifications Active Substance: Alpha-Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid) 25mg/5ml Packaging: 10 ampoules 5ml Production Standard: , Sterility: Terminal sterilization at 121C for 20min Storage: 2-8C, protect from light Shelf Life: 24 months from manufacture date Professional Use Protocol Dosage: 5ml ampoule, 1-2/week Administration: Intravenous or intramuscular injection by licensed medical professionals only Therapeutic Course: 6-8 weeks for optimal cosmetic results Combination Therapy: May be combined with Luthione and Vitamin C injections for enhanced whitening and collagen synthesis Reconstitution: Use immediately after opening Gauge: 23G25G recommended for IM/IV delivery Clinically Validated Benefits Pigmentation Reduction Up to 70% reduction in freckles, dark spots, and age spots after 8 weeks (clinical study, n=120) Pore Minimization Significant decrease in pore size and improved skin smoothness Skin Tone Brightening 85% improvement in skin tone uniformity and radiance Immune & Detox Support Enhances antioxidant capacity and supports removal of toxins Therapeutic Applications Cosmetic Indications For skin whitening and pigmentation: 5ml IV/IM once weekly for 8 weeks

Kumar, A., Chawla, R., Kumawat, D., & Pillay, G