This often stems from factors such as a perceived unpleasant taste, smell, or associated anxiety
Vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in metabolism, red blood cell formation, and nerve function
However, many people may be deficient in this vitamin due to various factors such as age, diet, or certain medical conditions
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFC2705802 to J.W.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82573812 to C.C.), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2025AFB580 to C.C.), the Foundation of Tongji Hospital, China (2023CXZH014 and 25-2KYC13057-18 to C.C.), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M782382 to M.X.)