Prior to use, its structure and composition was verified by MS and quantitative amino acid analysis (duplicate determination) at the Department of Systems Biology, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry of the Danish Technical University (Kongens Lyngby, Denmark) and dissolved in phosphate buffer containing 1% (wt/vol.) human serum albumin (Calbiochem [San Diego, CA, USA], an affiliate of Merck) and stored at 20C
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Further investigation showed that CPs first reduce the level of skin oxidation, inhibit the expression of the key transcription factor AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos), then activate the TGF-/Smad signaling pathway to promote collagen synthesis, inhibit the expression of MMP-1/3 to inhibit collagen degradation, and inhibit skin inflammation to alleviate skin aging in mice
Niacinamide helps strengthen the skin barrier, reduce inflammation, and improve moisture retention, making it very beneficial during recovery