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Issues such as small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and short follow-up periods further weaken the validity of these studies
Fe 3+ subsequently binds to transferrin (TF) or lactoferrin (LF) to form a TFFe 3+ complex, which is then recognized and internalized by transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) on the cell surface (Zhao et al., 2025b)
Under oxidative stress, the transcription factor Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE)
Three groups were established with varying concentrations of astaxanthin (AX) in the diet and different temperature conditions: the NC group (0 mg/kg, 26 2C), the HTC group (0 mg/kg, 35 2C), and the HTV group (150 mg/kg, 35 2C)
