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Decreased Inflammation : Adipose tissue (body fat) produces inflammatory cytokines that contribute to systemic inflammation

Additional risk factors include: Age over 60 years (reduced stomach acid production) Autoimmune conditions (thyroid disease, vitiligo, type 1 diabetes) Family history of pernicious anaemia Chronic alcohol consumption Diagnosis and Testing Diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia requires a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, and sometimes specialist testing

Kisspeptin is a synthetic decapeptide (C-terminal fragment of kisspeptin/metastin, KISS1R ligand)

The peak side effect window often passes during sleep