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Human data: caution The only human data published to date are extremely limited: a 2024 pilot trial in 12 patients with interstitial cystitis treated with 10 mg of BPC-157 injected into the bladder wall, and a 2026 pharmacokinetic study in two healthy subjects (one 58-year-old man and one 68-year-old woman) receiving intravenous BPC-157

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Intramuscular treatment can be necessary when the cause creates a persistent absorption problem, when specific surgery has removed the normal absorption pathway, or when clinical risk and adherence support that route

This secretory phenotype is known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)