While singly-housed animals may experience stress that impacts metabolism, body weight, and adiposity 65,66,67,68,69 , the singly-housed animals in this study were treated identically (to the best of the experimenters ability) to minimize and equalize stress across all animals and reduce confounding variables
Cyanocobalamin (the synthetic form commonly found in supplements) and hydroxocobalamin (often used in injections in the UK) are both converted to active forms in the body
[20] It can also be injected intravenously for the purpose of treating cyanide poisoning, as the hydroxyl group is displaced by cyanide, creating a non-toxic cyanocobalamin that is excreted in urine
As with vegetarians, vegans can avoid this by consuming a dietary supplement or eating B 12 fortified food such as cereal, plant-based milks, and nutritional yeast as a regular part of their diet