Outcomes of interest for this review included cellular factors such as neurotrophins (i.e., brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) and inflammatory markers, hemodynamic and functional measures for any cerebral conduit arteries (e.g., neck artery compliance/stiffness, blood flow, reactivity) and cerebral arteries (e.g., cerebral hemodynamics, blood flow, reactivity, autoregulation), brain structure (regional grey matter integrity, white matter lesions, diffusion tensor images, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity), clinical neurodegenerative measures (amyloid deposition, tau neurofibrillary tangles, inflammatory markers), functional connectivity (functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indices), and cognitive function
The drug was safe and well tolerated, and it even moved disease-related biomarkers in the right direction, but the clinical decline it was meant to slow continued largely unchanged
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