[41] [42] Functional vitamin B 12 deficiency can also develop with heavy regular use of nitrous oxide N 2 O, also known as "laughing gas", by oxidizing the cobalt atom and inactivating the vitamin
A WHO consultation identified the most vulnerable groups as elderly individuals, infants, preschool-aged children, and pregnant or lactating women, due to either increased nutritional demands or impaired absorption capacity ( Addressing the prevention of B12 deficiency and its public health implications requires a comprehensive, life-course approach based on integrated strategies targeting early detection, dietary optimisation, and effective supplementation, in order to mitigate the long-term consequences of inadequate cobalamin status ( Intramuscular (IM) injection is the most invasive and costly administration method, requiring trained personnel and clinical visits
This offers a more convenient option for patients who prefer to avoid injections, while still supporting metabolic pathways under medical guidance
Vitamin B12 should not be taken by children, pets, those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or those who are allergic to any of the ingredients in vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)