Back pain is not listed as a common adverse effect in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) for these medications, though some patients report experiencing musculoskeletal discomfort during treatment
They utilized dark pretreatment and found that the expression of both MpGSTZ1 and MpGSTU2 remained unchanged following transfer to the darkness, whereas the expression of MpGSTU1 and MpGSTF1 decreased by ~50 and 75%, respectively, when plants were placed in the dark for 2 h (Dean et al., 2003)
Below is an overview of how the two compare: Mechanism of Action: Retatrutide: Triple agonist (GLP-1, GIP, glucagon) Zepbound: Dual agonist (GLP-1, GIP) Developer: Retatrutide: Eli Lilly and Company (investigational) Zepbound: Eli Lilly and Company (approved) Regulatory Status: Retatrutide: Phase III clinical development Zepbound: FDA-approved for obesity, obstructive sleep apnea Weight Loss Efficacy: Retatrutide: Up to ~28.7% (68 weeks
In terms of receptor affinity and long-term effectiveness, GLP-1 RAs activate GLP-1 receptors more effectively and for longer periods of time than native GLP-1, resulting in therapeutic benefits that last longer (Zheng et al