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308,309 EMT, CSCs, and DTPs are interconnected via regulatory networks involving transcription factors (e.g., SNAIL, ZEB1), 318 signaling cascades (e.g., TGF-), and cues from the TME (e.g., CAFs, hypoxia), collectively sustaining tumor heterogeneity and adaptive resistance
Transplanted cells and cell-free derivatives deliver trophic factors, extracellular vesicles, microRNAs, antioxidant signals, mitochondrial cues, and immunoregulatory factors
Smith, and Tory M
Overall, these findings highlight the promising yet preliminary nature of BPC-157 and TB-500 research and reinforce the urgent need for standardized, large-scale clinical trials and robust safety monitoring frameworks before these compounds can be confidently integrated into clinical practice
