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ACS: acute coronary syndrome AF: atrial fibrillation ALC: acetyl- L -carnitine ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ATP: adenosine triphosphate BCAAs: branched-chain amino acids CAD: coronary artery disease CKD: chronic kidney disease CPT: carnitine palmitoyltransferase DRIs: Dietary Reference Intakes ER: endoplasmic reticulum F/B: Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes FMOs: flavin monooxygenases FNB: Food and Nutrition Board GPLC: glycine propionyl- L -carnitine GSH: glutathione HF: heart failure IL-6: interleukin 6 LC: L -carnitine LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry MACE: major adverse cardiac events MAFLD: metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease MDA: malondialdehyde MI: myocardial infarction NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NF-B: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells PH: pulmonary hypertension SCD: sudden cardiac death SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids SYNTAX: Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery T2D: type 2 diabetes T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus TC: total carnitine TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle TMA: trimethylamine TMAO: trimethylamine- N -oxide HSW: Conceptualization, Writingoriginal draft, Writingreview & editing, Supervision, Validation