glp 1 药物 GLP-1是什麼？8款腸泌素藥物比較、減重幅度及副作用全面整理！ GLP-1药物与视力丧失：理解NAION诉讼| Shotlee

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coli : Escherichia coli Ex-4@DFO NPs: Exendin-4 modified DFO nanoparticles Ex-4: Exendin-4 ER: Endoplasmic reticulum EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor FDA: Food and Drug Administration FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21 FNDC5: Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 FXR: Farnesoid X receptor FUS: Focused ultrasound GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor GPCR: G protein-coupled receptor GIPR: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor GCGR: Glucagon receptor GLP-1RAs: GLP-1 receptor agonists GOx: Glucose oxidase G4: Generation 4 GMBS: 4-Maleimidobutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester GI: Gastrointestinal GATA3: GATA Binding Protein 3 GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GDNF: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor GlpNPs: GLP-1R agonist liraglutide nanoparticle GMP: Good manufacturing practices HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance HSPC: Hydrogenated soybean phospholipids H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HFD: High-fat diet HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease IgG4 Fc: Immunoglobulin G4 fragment crystallizable region lPEI: Linear polyethylenimine Iba-1: Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 IVIS: In vivo imaging system IL-3: Interleukin-3 IHC: Immunohistochemistry IR: Insulin resistance IL-10: Interleukin-10 kDa: kilodalton LNPs: Ionizable lipid NPs LDH: Layered double hydroxide LRP1: Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 LV: Left ventricular MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCAo: Middle cerebral artery occlusion MS: Multiple sclerosis MTX: Methotrexate mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin MI: Myocardial infarction MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MR: Magnetic resonance MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-B NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NIR-II: Near-infrared II NMPA: National Medical Products Administration NPs: Nanoparticles NET: Neutrophil extracellular trap NOD mice: Non-obese diabetic mice NA: Nicotinamide NCI-NCL: National Cancer Institute Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory OXM: Oxyntomodulin OL-NP: PEG-PLGA NPs PSMA: Prostate-specific membrane antigen PAT: Process analytical technology PtdSer: Phosphatidylserine PLA: Polylactic acid PAS-CPP-GLP-1: Poly(allyl succinate)-cell penetrating peptide-glucagon-like peptide-1 pNETs: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor PAD: Peripheral arterial disease Phe: Phenylephrine PDT: Photodynamic therapy p-NF-B: Phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline PMF: Platelet membrane fragments PA-GLP-1: Palmitoylated GLP-1 PEI: Polyethylenimine PEG NPs: Polyethylene glycol-modified nanoparticles PAMAM: Polyamidoamine PEG: Polyethylene glycol PEGylated: Polyethylene glycolated PLGA: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PKA: Protein kinase A PD: Parkinsons disease QbD: Quality by design ROS: Reactive oxygen species rhGLP-1: Recombinant human glucagon-like peptide-1 SGLT2: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 SNAC: Sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate SFEE: Supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions SPIONs: Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs sEVs: Small extracellular vesicles siRNAs: Small interfering RNAs SNEDDS: Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system SEM: Scanning electron microscopy s.e.m.: Standard error of the mean SNc: Substantia nigra pars compacta SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus STZ: Streptozotocin SORT: Selective organ targeting SSTR2: Somatostatin receptor 2 T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus TEM: Transmission electron microscopy TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase TNBS: Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid UUO: Unilateral ureteral obstruction UCP1: Uncoupling protein 1 USPIO: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide UTMD: Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction WAT: White adipose tissue WD: Western diet ZnO NPs: Zinc oxide nanoparticles ZDF rats: Zucker diabetic fatty rats References Lim GE, Brubaker PL

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Glutathione is a small protein molecule known as a tripeptide, composed of three specific amino acids: cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid