They looked at every paper they could find that tested BPC-157 for orthopedic issues, meaning bone and muscle stuff, which is where the main claims are
In a Phase I study with recombinant human thymosin beta-4, the terminal half-life was about 0.5 to 2.08 hours, for example 1.02 hours at 0.5 microg/kg and up to 2.08 hours at 25 microg/kg, with linear, non-accumulating kinetics and dose-proportional Cmax Wang et al., 2021
These byproducts damage cellular structures, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, and contribute to neuronal dysfunction
Palmitoyl-GHK-Cu is a version of GHK-Cu (the one Ive been talking about until now) with a palmitoyl group attached to the peptide structure that works to improve its lipophilic properties for better skin affinity