can l-carnitine cause psychosis Revisiting the Role of Carnitine in Heart Disease Through the Lens of the Gut Microbiota Acylcarnitines metabolism in depression: association

Usage tips : Take 20 milliliters in the morning or before training

The approach involves alternating periods of treatment and non-treatment

Potential Side Effects L-Carnitine injections are generally well tolerated

Abbreviations AMI: Acute myocardial infarction IRI: Ischaemia-reperfusion injury FAO: Fatty acid oxidation ROS: Reactive oxygen species mPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore MI: Myocardial infarction FAs: Fatty acids TMZ: Trimetazidine MIRI: Myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion ATP: Adenosine triphosphate LC: Long-chain FAT: Fatty acid translocase CPT-1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 Malonyl-CoA: Malonyl coenzyme A CPT-2: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1 GLUT4: Glucose transporter 4 PDH: Pyruvate dehydrogenase TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TG: Triglyceride LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase MAS: Malateaspartate shuttle ETC: Electron transport chain CoQ: Coenzyme Q Cyt c: Cytochrome c NADH: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FADH2: Reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide ADP: Adenosine diphosphate IMS: Intermembrane space QH 2 : ubiquinol Ca 2+ : Calcium SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase O 2 : Superoxide H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide OH: Hydroxyl radical VDAC: Voltage-dependent anion channel OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation FAD: Flavin-adenine dinucleotide SDHA: Succinate dehydrogenase subunit A RET: Reverse electron transfer NOX: NADPH oxidase MetS: Metabolic syndromee NOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase SERCA2: Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 NCX: Sodium-calcium exchanger GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids MAD: Malondialdehyde 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxynonenal CL: Cardiolipin L-VDCC: L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel NCE: Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger SR: Sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR: Ryanodine receptor SERCA: Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase HNE: H + /Na + exchanger SERCA2A: Sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPASE 2A MCU: Mitochondrial calcium uniporter m: Mitochondrial membrane potential pH: Proton gradient CypD: Cyclophilin D ANT: Adenine nucleotide translocator RIRR: ROS-induced ROS release CaMKII: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II GIK: Glucose-insulin-potassium SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 NHE1: Na + /H + exchanger 1DCA dichloroacetate PDK: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase I/R: Ischaemia/reperfusion AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 MCD: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase STEMI: ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction PPCI: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention methyl-GBB: 4-[Ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate SPC: Sphingosylphosphorylcholine AOA: Aminooxyacetate Mn-SOD: Manganese superoxide dismutase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase PDK4: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 ADO: Adenosine A1R: A1 receptors XKS: Xin-Ke-Shu GXSTC: Guanxinshutong capsule MYQ: Modified Yiqi decoction CsA: Cyclosporin A TIIA: Tanshinone IIA RISK: Reperfusion injury salvage kinases GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 mK ATP : Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium TNTs: Tunnelling nanotubes EVs: Extracellular vesicles hADSCs: Human adipose-derived stem cells IPC: Ischaemic preconditioning IPost: Ischaemic postconditioning RIC: Remote ischaemic conditioning TNF: Tissue necrosis factor alpha rRIC: Repeated remote ischemic conditioning TG: Triglycerides MAO: Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase References Hartikainen TS, Soerensen NA, Haller PM, Gossling A, Lehmacher J, Zeller T, et al