Causal effect of exogenous antioxidants on the risk of the six cancers After Bonferroni correction, no significant causal association was found between exogenous antioxidants and the six cancers (Figure 5)
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Fourth, MR requires stringent assumptions, i.e., the genetic variants are associated with the exposure, no confounders of the associations of the genetic variants with the outcomes exist, and the genetic variants are not associated with the outcomes other than via affecting the relevant exposure (no pleiotropy) [17]
No controlled trials exist in pregnant women for ethical reasons, so the FDA's cautious approach is based on animal data plus the principle that avoidable medication exposure during pregnancy should be minimized