In this chapter, we briefly review some aspects of the biology and physiology of oral melanocytes, the function of melanin in the oral epithelium, and the features of several different oral mucosal melanin hyperpigmentations, including physiological hyperpigmentation, tobacco-related melanosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated melanosis, melanotic maculae, naevomelanocytic naevus, and oral mucosal melanoma
A recent study explored curcumins effects on STZ-induced DN in rats and found that curcumin improved nerve function, reduced Schwann cell apoptosis, and increased NGF levels in sciatic nerves and serum (Zhang et al., 2022)
Oral semaglutide is as effective and may be better tolerated than the injectable version
At the lower doses I typically use, combined with very slow titration, these side effects are much less problematic