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In addition, betaine significantly upregulated the protein expression of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), FGF10 (fibroblast growth factor 10), and ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase) and suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation in mice, suggesting that betaine prevents NAFLD via FGF10/AMPK signaling pathway ( Betaine supplementation was observed to decrease histopathological alterations and serum markers of hepatotoxicity in animal models of acute and chronic non-alcoholic liver injury
Indeed, high NAD + levels and NAD + /NADH ratios are associated with increased energy production in humans, improved mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased mitochondrial mass through mitophagy in vitro, suggesting improved efficiency of mitochondria 94,95,96,97
In contrast, we barely detected luciferase activity in primary cultures of cortical cells prepared from wild-type mouse embryos in the absence or presence of high KCl concentrations (Fig
