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In most diseases, ROS appear to have a direct connection with inflammaging and cell senescence, and oxidative stress and inflammaging increase the aging-related phenotype, and induce and aggravate the inflammatory response, creating a chronic state of systemic inflammation (290297)

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Conversely, unstimulated microglia appear to bolster the expression of TJ proteins within co-cultured endothelial cells, demonstrating a protective or restorative role of microglia in BBB integrity (Mehrabadi et al., 2017)

Notably, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) scores in this population correlate strongly with biomarkers of hepatic dysfunction (e.g., elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase) and neuronal injury (e.g., serum neurofilament light chain), suggesting a unique pathophysiology blending systemic and central nervous system (CNS) toxicity (Mirabdolhagh Hazaveh et al