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GLP-1 acts on the GLP-1R, activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including the cAMP/PKA pathway, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and pathways related to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress responses, among others
The foam formulation eliminates propylene glycol, often improving tolerability while maintaining efficacy
They are not recommended in those with personal or family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A, multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B, or medullary thyroid cancer due to concern for long-term thyroid effects.3 Side Effects and their Implications in the ED Gastrointestinal Side effects Mild gastrointestinal side effects are most common with patients experiencing nausea (25-40%), vomiting, diarrhoea, or constipation.3,4 Rarer, more serious presentations include pancreatitis, bowel obstruction, gallbladder disease, which should be actively managed in the ED.3,5 Hypersensitivity reaction These reactions are commonly associated with self-limiting or antihistaminic responsive pruritic rash