This boxed-warning-type finding comes from rodent studies
The primary difference between the injection and the pill lies in how the drug is absorbed
Insulin signaling directly influences immune cell metabolism, macrophage polarization, and T-cell differentiation, thereby shaping inflammatory responses within musculoskeletal tissues ( Increasing evidence from immunometabolic research supports a bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory arthritis, whereby chronic inflammation promotes insulin resistance, which in turn amplifies synovial and entheseal inflammation ( Figure 1 , insulin resistance, adipose tissue inflammation, and impaired incretin signaling converge at the skinjoint axis to amplify IL-23/IL-17driven immune activation and disease progression
After accounting for differences in age, body weight, other health conditions, and prior migraine treatments, researchers found that 23.7% of people starting GLP-1 drugs visited the emergency department over the following year, compared with 26.4% of those starting topiramate