Furthermore, in vitro intervention of lactate in Nave CD4 + T cells can promote the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Treg by increasing mTOR phosphorylation and HIF-1 synthesis, while the addition of lactate uptake inhibitor AZD3965, LDHA inhibitor GSK2837808A, and NADH conversion inhibitor Rotenone can reverse this differentiation (138)
Notably, lactate accumulation reprograms macrophage bioenergetic pathways and drives their functional repolarization from pro-inflammatory to reparative phenotypes through shifts in intracellular metabolite availability (67)
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