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However, it is worth noting that several studies have reported GLP-1R expression in both human and rodent hepatocytes 36,57

In a clinical study, bile acids were detected in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis, and the total bile acid concentration was found to be elevated in the periodontitis group

[139] demonstrated that impaired ILC3 function leads to abnormal galactosylation of colonic mucins, thereby establishing a microenvironment conducive to the excessive proliferation of the commensal bacterium A