Out of 41 RCTs, 39 studies have shown a significant lowering effect of L-carnitine supplementation on FBG (mg/dl) (43, 4569, 7180), 19 studies on serum insulin (pmol/l) (43, 44, 51, 5355, 57, 59, 61, 63, 68, 7176, 80), 20 studies on serum HbA1c (%) (45, 48, 49, 5355, 57, 58, 61, 63, 66, 67, 71, 74, 77, 79, 80), and 17 studies on HOMA-IR (43, 44, 49, 50, 5457, 59, 61, 63, 68, 7073, 75)
Retatrutide, by contrast, remains investigational, with data extending to around 4868 weeks so far
Ji L, Dong X, Li Y, Li Y, Lim S, Liu M, Ning Z, Rasmussen S, Skjth TV, Yuan G, Eliaschewitz FG
Finally, the sample sizes in some experimental readouts were modest and required non-parametric statistics, which, despite appropriate multiple-comparison control, may limit sensitivity to small effects